Climate change and forests are closely linked. Changes to the world’s climate are affecting forests, owing to higher-than-average annual temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and the increasingly frequent occurrence of extreme weather events. In terms of climate change adaptation, forest management must consider the climate risks that affect forests, such as droughts, forest fires and storms. The diversification of forest species is therefore encouraged to increase forest resilience, as well as the restoration of degraded forests to provide ecosystem services.

Biodiversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. Biodiversity conservation is a strategic component of adaptation to climate change and the mitigation of its effects. Healthy ecosystems can provide protection against floods and droughts, and genetic diversity enables species to adapt to changing climate conditions.

Among the main challenges currently facing urban management in Latin America and the Caribbean are the profound changes in the demographic composition of cities, the impact of urbanization on the health of city residents and their environment, the relationship between urban and rural spaces, and the increasingly important role of cities in GDP growth. In terms of climate change adaptation, urban management and planning practices should consider the climate risks that affect cities, such as floods, droughts and heat waves.

Compared to other regions of the world, Latin America and the Caribbean has a significant provision of water resources. Traditionally, these resources and associated public services like drinking water and sanitation have played a key role in the socioeconomic development of the region. In many of the region’s countries, these sectors are essential drivers of social welfare, economic progress, industrialization and efforts to improve living standards (ECLAC).

Agriculture is a human activity, primarily carried out to produce food and fibres through the use, control and management of animals and plants. Climate change has direct and indirect effects on agricultural output, such as changes in rainfall patterns, droughts, floods and geographical redistribution of pests and diseases (FAO).

Transitioning to a low-carbon economy involves strengthening a country’s industrial base by modifying policy to ensure that it is robust, diversified, resource-efficient and competitive to meet the challenges of the global marketplace. Companies play a key role in employment and growth. Industry is a key sector for climate change adaptation and mitigation in Latin America and the Caribbean.